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Field Guide / Ticks, Spiders & Biting Pests

Bald-faced Hornet

Dolichovespula maculata

Also called: white-faced hornet

A large black-and-white wasp that builds big gray papery nests in trees and on buildings and attacks anything that threatens the nest.

AI-generated macro photo of a black wasp with a white face and white markings on the abdomen
AI-generated illustration for general reference, shown much larger than life. Individual animals vary in color and pattern, so use the written tips and a real specimen, not one picture, to identify it.
Kind
Stinging Insects
Size
About 3/4 inch
Range
Throughout the United States
Regions
Northeast, Southeast, Midwest & Plains, Southwest, Rockies & West
When active
Summer and early fall
Concern
Medically significant venom, Allergic reactions

How to identify it

  • A black body with a white face and white markings on the tip of the abdomen.
  • The nest is a large, gray, papery football-shaped mass in a tree or on a structure.
  • It is larger than a yellowjacket.
  • It guards the nest and will attack in numbers.

Health risk

Bald-faced hornets can sting repeatedly, and the sting is painful. A disturbed nest can bring a large defensive swarm. People with allergies are at risk of serious reactions.

How to avoid it

  • Look overhead when walking through brush and trees in summer.
  • Do not disturb or throw things at a nest.
  • If you find a nest near camp or home, leave it alone and move away or call a pest control professional.
  • Do not shoot, burn, or knock down a nest yourself.

If you are bitten or stung

  1. Move away from the area, since some stinging insects will sting again or call others.
  2. If a stinger is stuck in the skin, scrape it out quickly with a flat edge such as a fingernail or card.
  3. Wash the area with soap and water, and apply a cold pack or cool cloth to ease pain and swelling.
  4. Take an over-the-counter antihistamine or use hydrocortisone cream as the label directs, and avoid scratching.
  5. Watch for signs of an allergic reaction for the next several hours. If the person has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector and a serious reaction, use it and call 911.

When to get medical care

  • Get emergency care right away for hives all over the body, swelling of the face or throat, trouble breathing, dizziness, or fainting, which can signal a severe allergic reaction.
  • See a doctor for many stings at once, a sting inside the mouth or throat, or a sting site that looks infected.
  • If you have ever had a serious reaction to a sting, talk to a doctor about carrying epinephrine.

Call 911 for trouble breathing, swelling of the face or throat, a racing heart, dizziness, or fainting.

Often confused with

  • Yellowjacket: yellow and black rather than white and black, and often nests in the ground.

Field notes

Despite the name, the bald-faced hornet is a type of yellowjacket. The colony dies in the fall, and the old nest is not reused.

Related guides

This page is general information from public health sources such as the CDC, not medical advice. Risks vary with where you live, your health, and any allergies, so talk to a doctor or pharmacist about repellents, allergy plans, and vaccines. Follow the label on any repellent or insecticide.

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